Understanding the concepts of atomic theory, metal defects (crystal defects), dislocation theory: edges and screws, substitute and interstitial solid solutions: impurities and alloys. Elastic & plastic deformation theory, mechanical and physical properties of metals: strength, hardness, toughness, wear, fatigue and creep. Rules and various phase diagrams, solidification processes, homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation, nucleation rates, alloy solidification processes, diffusion transformation, growth and crystallization, strengthening mechanisms: strain strengthening, deposition and agehardening.