Understanding and mastery of human physiology which includes the structure and function of skeletal muscles, energy and hormone systems, nervous control of muscles, energy supply and fatigue, cardiovascular system, respiratory system, cardiovascular response, principles of exercise, adaptation to aerobic and anaerobic exercise, training in hot and cold environments, exercise at high altitudes, sports training, body composition and nutrition for sports, ergogenics and exercise, exercise in children and adolescents, the aging process and exercise.